Back معتقدات هتلر الدينية Arabic Opiniones relixoses d'Adolf Hitler AST আডলফ হিটলারের ধর্মীয় বিশ্বাস Bengali/Bangla Religious views of Adolf Hitler English Opiniones religiosas de Adolf Hitler Spanish دیدگاه‌های مذهبی آدولف هیتلر Persian Croyances religieuses d'Adolf Hitler French Opinións relixiosas de Adolf Hitler Galician Pandangan agama Adolf Hitler ID 아돌프 히틀러의 종교관 Korean

Pensiero religioso di Adolf Hitler

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Adolf Hitler nel 1936; foto di Heinrich Hoffmann, fotografo ufficiale del Führer per tutta le durata del suo governo.

Le credenze religiose di Adolf Hitler sono state oggetto di un'accesa discussione tra gli storici. Alla luce di prove consistenti sul suo rifiuto dei principi del cristianesimo quand'era ancora nell'età dell'adolescenza[1] e gli sforzi faticosi compiuti per ridurre l'influenza e l'indipendenza del cristianesimo in Germania a seguito della sua ascesa al potere, i maggiori biografi accademici di Hitler concludono che egli fosse un agguerrito avversario della religione cristiana. Lo storico britannico Laurence Rees non ha trovato alcuna prova che "Hitler, nella sua vita personale, abbia mai espresso una qualche fede nei principi fondamentali della chiesa cristiana" [2].

Le osservazioni fatte da Hitler ai confidenti, come vengono descritte nei Diari di Joseph Goebbels (capo del Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda-Ministero del Reich per l'istruzione pubblica e la propaganda), nelle Memorie del Terzo Reich dell'architetto del Führer Albert Speer e nelle trascrizioni delle conversazioni private di Hitler registrate da Martin Bormann in conversazioni a tavola di Hitler sono una falsa testimonianza della sua cristianofobia; queste fonti registrano una serie di osservazioni private in cui Hitler ridicolizza la dottrina cristiana come assurda e socialmente distruttiva[3].

Hitler, che tentò sempre di fare appello alle masse tedesche durante la sua campagna politica (vedi temi propagandistici del nazionalsocialismo) e durante gli anni che passò al vertice della Germania nazista, talvolta fece dichiarazioni pubbliche a sostegno della religione e contro l'ateismo. Ebbe a dichiarare in un discorso che l'ateismo (un concetto da lui strettamente collegato al comunismo ed al "materialismo ebraico") era stato "tagliato fuori"[4] e nel contempo vietò la lega tedesca del libero pensiero[5].

Hitler nacque e fu cresciuto da una madre cattolica praticante, Klara Pölzl[6], venne battezzato da neonato e ricevette la confermazione all'età di quindici anni secondo i precetti e la dottrina della Chiesa cattolica, ma cessò di partecipare alla messa e ai sacramenti a partire dalla prima giovinezza.[7][8]. La sua avversione profonda verso la Chiesa cattolica è ben esplicitata nei suoi "Discorsi a tavola" trascritti da Martin Bormann[9].

Nel suo libro Mein Kampf e nei discorsi pubblici dichiarò una propria fede nel cristianesimo[10][11]. Hitler e il Partito Nazionalsocialista Tedesco dei Lavoratori promossero il cosiddetto Cristianesimo positivo[12], un movimento che respinse le tradizionali dottrine cristiane come la divinità di Gesù, così come gli elementi ebraici dell'Antico testamento[13][14]; lo storico britannico dell'Università della Columbia Britannica John S. Conway ha affermato che "solo pochi radicali sull'ala estrema del cristianesimo liberale protestante riconoscerebbero un tale guazzabuglio come il vero cristianesimo"[15]. Hitler affermò di continuare a credere in una divinità attiva e in un discorso pubblico dichiarò che teneva Gesù in grande stima nella sua qualità di "combattente ariano" che lottava contro l'ebraismo[16].

Mentre un piccolo numero di scrittori accetta queste opinioni pubblicamente dichiarate come espressioni autentiche della sua spiritualità[17] la grande maggioranza crede invece che Hitler fosse uno scettico nei confronti della religione in generale, ma riconosce anche che egli poteva essere eletto al governo solo se avesse fatto un impegno di fede pubblica nei confronti del cristianesimo[18].

Hitler stesso fu sempre riluttante a compiere attacchi pubblici alla Chiesa per motivazioni eminentemente politiche[19]; Goebbels scrisse nell'aprile del 1941 che anche se Hitler era "un avversario feroce" del Vaticano e del cristianesimo in generale, purtuttavia "mi impedisce di lasciare la chiesa per ragioni tattiche"[20]. Una volta eletto alla carica di Cancelliere del Reich Hitler e il suo regime cercarono di ridurre l'influenza del cristianesimo sulla società civile[21].

A partire dalla metà degli anni '30 il suo governo fu sempre più dominato da anticristiani militanti come Bormann, Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler, Alfred Rosenberg e Reinhard Heydrich, che Hitler stesso nominò ai posti principali di comando[22]. Questi radicali intrisi di anticlericalismo vennero solitamente accettati o addirittura incoraggiati a perpetrare la persecuzione nazista della Chiesa cattolica in Germania[23]. Il regime avviò uno sforzo per attuare il coordinamento dei protestanti tedeschi sotto la denominazione di Chiesa evangelica tedesca (ma a questo stato di cose resistette con forza la Chiesa confessante) e si diresse presto nella direzione dell'eliminazione del cattolicesimo politico[24]. Hitler acconsentì al Reichskonkordat (avvenuto nel 1933) ma in seguito lo ignorò regolarmente fino a permettere le persecuzioni anticattoliche[25].

Le minoranze religiose presenti all'epoca all'interno del territorio nazionale dovettero affrontare una repressione ancora più dura, con gli ebrei tedeschi prima espulsi e poi costretti a subire la Shoah, il tutto sulla base della politica razziale nella Germania nazista. I Testimoni di Geova furono perseguitati spietatamente per aver rifiutato sia il servizio militare obbligatorio tramite l'obiezione di coscienza sia il giuramento di fedeltà al movimento hitleriano. Hitler ebbe a dichiarare che aveva solo anticipato il palese crollo del cristianesimo a seguito dei progressi scientifici e che il nazismo e la religione non avrebbero potuto coesistere a lungo termine[26].

Anche se egli era disposto a ritardare i conflitti per motivi politici gli storici sembrano concludere che il suo fine ultimo fosse la distruzione del cristianesimo sul suolo tedesco, o condurre almeno ad una sua distorsione o sottomissione alla prospettiva ideale nazista[27].

  1. ^ * Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; Harper Perennial Edition 1991; p. 219: "Hitler had been brought up a Catholic and was impressed by the organisation and power of the Church... [but] to its teachings he showed only the sharpest hostility... he detested [Christianity]'s ethics in particular".
    • Ian Kershaw; Hitler: a Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; pp. 295–297: "In early 1937 [Hitler] was declaring that 'Christianity was ripe for destruction', and that the Churches must yield to the 'primacy of the state', railing against any compromise with 'the most horrible institution imaginable'"
    • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: Evans wrote that Hitler believed Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'". Evans noted that Hitler saw Christianity as "indelibly Jewish in origin and character" and a "prototype of Bolshevism", which "violated the law of natural selection".
    • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.p 281: "[Hitler's] few private remarks on Christianity betray a profound contempt and indifference".
    • A. N. Wilson; Hitler a Short Biography; Harper Press; 2012, p. 71.: "Much is sometimes made of the Catholic upbringing of Hitler... it was something to which Hitler himself often made allusion, and he was nearly always violently hostile. 'The biretta! The mere sight of these abortions in cassocks makes me wild!'"
    • Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler; Ebury Press; 2012; p. 135.; "There is no evidence that Hitler himself, in his personal life, ever expressed any individual belief in the basic tenets of the Christian church"
    • Derek Hastings (2010). Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 181: Hastings considers it plausible that Hitler was a Catholic as late as his trial in 1924, but writes that "there is little doubt that Hitler was a staunch opponent of Christianity throughout the duration of the Third Reich."
    • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); I Diari 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; ISBN 0-241-10893-4 : In his entry for 29 April 1941, Goebbels noted long discussions about the Vatican and Christianity, and wrote: "The Fuhrer is a fierce opponent of all that humbug".
    • Albert Speer; Memorie del Terzo Reih (Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs); Translation by Richard & Clara Winston; Macmillan; New York; 1970; p.123: "Once I have settled my other problem," [Hitler] occasionally declared, "I'll have my reckoning with the church. I'll have it reeling on the ropes." But Bormann did not want this reckoning postponed [...] he would take out a document from his pocket and begin reading passages from a defiant sermon or pastoral letter. Frequently Hitler would become so worked up... and vowed to punish the offending clergyman eventually... That he could not immediately retaliate raised him to a white heat..."
    • Discussioni da tavole di Hitler: Hitler is reported as saying: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
  2. ^ * Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; Harper Perennial Edition 1991; p. 219: "Hitler had been brought up a Catholic and was impressed by the organisation and power of the Church... but to its teachings he showed only the sharpest hostility... he detested Christianity's ethics in particular"
    • Ian Kershaw; Hitler: a Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; pp. 295–297: "In early 1937 Hitler was declaring that 'Christianity was ripe for destruction', and that the Churches must yield to the 'primacy of the state', railing against any compromise with 'the most horrible institution imaginable'"
    • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: Evans wrote that Hitler believed Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'". Evans noted that Hitler saw Christianity as "indelibly Jewish in origin and character" and a "prototype of Bolshevism", which "violated the law of natural selection".
    • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.p 281: "Hitler's few private remarks on Christianity betray a profound contempt and indifference".
    • A. N. Wilson; Hitler a Short Biography; Harper Press; 2012, p. 71.: "Much is sometimes made of the Catholic upbringing of Hitler... it was something to which Hitler himself often made allusion, and he was nearly always violently hostile. 'The biretta! The mere sight of these abortions in cassocks makes me wild!'"
    • Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler; Ebury Press; 2012; p. 135.; "There is no evidence that Hitler himself, in his personal life, ever expressed any individual belief in the basic tenets of the Christian church"
    • Derek Hastings (2010). Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 181: Hastings considers it plausible that Hitler was a Catholic as late as his trial in 1924, but writes that "there is little doubt that Hitler was a staunch opponent of Christianity throughout the duration of the Third Reich."
    • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); I Diari 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; ISBN 0-241-10893-4 : In his entry for 29 April 1941, Goebbels noted long discussions about the Vatican and Christianity, and wrote: "The Fuhrer is a fierce opponent of all that humbug".
    • Albert Speer; Memorie del Terzo Reich (Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs); Translation by Richard & Clara Winston; Macmillan; New York; 1970; p.123: "Once I have settled my other problem," [Hitler] occasionally declared, "I'll have my reckoning with the church. I'll have it reeling on the ropes." But Bormann did not want this reckoning postponed [...] he would take out a document from his pocket and begin reading passages from a defiant sermon or pastoral letter. Frequently Hitler would become so worked up... and vowed to punish the offending clergyman eventually... That he could not immediately retaliate raised him to a white heat..."
    • Discussioni da tavola di Hitler: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
  3. ^ * Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation) I Diari 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; ISBN 0-241-10893-4; p.76: In 1939, Goebbels wrote that the Fuhrer knew that he would "have to get around to a conflict between church and state" but that in the meantime "The best way to deal with the churches is to claim to be a 'positive Christian'."
    • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; p.77: Goebbels wrote on 29 December 1939 "The Führer is deeply religious, though completely anti-Christian. He views Christianity as a symptom of decay. Rightly so. It is a branch of the Jewish race. This can be seen in the similarity of their religious rites. Both (Judaism and Christianity) have no point of contact to the animal element, and thus, in the end they will be destroyed."
    • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; pp. 304-305 In an 8 April 1941 entry, Goebbels wrote "[Hitler] hates Christianity, because it has crippled all that is noble in humanity."
    • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982: In his entry for 29 April 1941, Goebbels noted long discussions about the Vatican and Christianity, and wrote: "The Fuhrer is a fierce opponent of all that humbug".
    • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation) The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; p.340: Goebbels wrote in April 1941 that though Hitler was "a fierce opponent" of the Vatican and Christianity, "he forbids me to leave the church. For tactical reasons."
    • Cameron, Norman; Stevens, R. H. Stevens; Weinberg, Gerhard L.; Hugh Trevor-Roper (2007). Discussioni da tavola di Hitler 1941-1944: Secret Conversations. New York: Enigma Books p.48: On 14 October 1941, in an entry concerning the fate of Christianity, Hitler says: "Science cannot lie, for its always striving, according to the momentary state of knowledge, to deduce what is true. When it makes a mistake, it does so in good faith. It's Christianity that's the liar. It's in perpetual conflict with itself."
    • Cameron, Norman; Stevens, R. H. Stevens; Weinberg, Gerhard L.; Trevor-Roper, H. R. (2007). Discussioni da tavola di Hitler 1941-1944: Secret Conversations. New York: Enigma Books pp. 59–61: Hitler says: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
    • Albert Speer; Memorie del Terzo Reich (Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs); Translation by Richard & Clara Winston; Macmillan; New York; 1970; p.123: Speer considered Bormann to be the driving force behind the regime's campaign against the churches and wrote that Hitler approved of Bormann's aims, but was more pragmatic and wanted to "postpone this problem to a more favourable time". He writes: "'Once I have settled my other problem,' [Hitler] occasionally declared, 'I'll have my reckoning with the church. I'll have it reeling on the ropes.' But Bormann did not want this reckoning postponed [...] he would take out a document from his pocket and begin reading passages from a defiant sermon or pastoral letter. Frequently Hitler would become so worked up... and vowed to punish the offending clergyman eventually... That he could not immediately retaliate raised him to a white heat...'
  4. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Norman H. Baynes 1939. p. 378
  5. ^ New York Times
  6. ^ Smith, Bradley (1967). Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, p. 27. "Closely related to his support of education was his tolerant skepticism concerning religion. He looked upon religion as a series of conventions and as a crutch for human weakness, but, like most of his neighbors, he insisted that the women of his household fulfil all religious obligations. He restricted his own participation to donning his uniform to take his proper place in festivals and processions. As he grew older, Alois shifted from relative passivity in his attitude toward the power and influence of the institutional Church to a firm opposition to "clericalism," especially when the position of the Church came into conflict with his views on education."
  7. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Michael Rissmann 2001, pp. 94–96
  8. ^ Smith, Bradley (1967). Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, p. 42. "Alois insisted she attend regularly as an expression of his belief that the woman's place was in the kitchen and in church... Happily, Klara really enjoyed attending services and was completely devoted to the faith and teachings of Catholicism, so her husband's requirements worked to her advantage."
  9. ^ Author Adminsc, Cosa pensava Adolf Hitler della Chiesa cattolica?, su Storia e Chiesa, 23 maggio 2016. URL consultato il 17 gennaio 2022.
  10. ^ Norman H. Baynes, ed. The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922-August 1939, Vol. 1 of 2, pp. 19–20, Oxford University Press, 1942
  11. ^ Hitler, Adolf (1999). Mein Kampf. Ralph Mannheim, ed., New York: Mariner Books, pp. 65, 119, 152, 161, 214, 375, 383, 403, 436, 562, 565, 622, 632–633.
  12. ^ from Norman H. Baynes, ed. (1969). The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922-August 1939. 1. New York: Howard Fertig. p. 402.
  13. ^ Shirer, 1990, p. 234.
  14. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Christian Church 1960 pp. 235
  15. ^ John S. Conway. Review of Steigmann-Gall, Richard, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. H-German, H-Net Reviews. June, 2003.
  16. ^ Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–50, p. 252
  17. ^ John S. Conway. Review of Steigmann-Gall, Richard, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. H-German, H-Net Reviews. June, 2003: John S. Conway considered that Steigmann-Gall's analysis differed from earlier interpretations only by "degree and timing", but that if Hitler's early speeches evidenced a sincere appreciation of Christianity, "this Nazi Christianity was eviscerated of all the most essential orthodox dogmas" leaving only "the vaguest impression combined with anti-Jewish prejudice..." which few would recognize as "true Christianity".
  18. ^ * Ian Kershaw; Hitler 1936-1945 Nemesis; WW Norton & Company; 2000; pp.39-40 & Hitler: a Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; pp. 295–297: "In early 1937, he was declaring that 'Christianity was ripe for destruction' (Untergang), and that the churches must therefore yield to the 'primacy of the state', railing against 'the most horrible institution imaginable."
    • Ian Kershaw; Hitler 1936-1945 Nemesis; WW Norton & Company; 2000; pp.40: ""The assault on the practices and institutions of the Christian churches was deeply imbedded in the psyche of National Socialism.[...] however much Hitler on some occasions claimed to want a respite in the conflict [with the churches], his own inflammatory comments gave his underlings all the license they needed to turn up the heat on the 'Church Struggle', confident that they were working towards the Fuhrer"
    • Ian Kershaw; Hitler: a Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; p. 373.
    • Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler; Ebury Press; 2012; p135: "Hitler, as a politician, simply recognised the practical reality of the world he inhabited... Thus his relationship in public to Christianity—indeed his relationship to religion in general—was opportunistic. There is no evidence that Hitler himself, in his personal life, ever expressed any individual belief in the basic tenets of the Christian church."
    • Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; Harper Perennial Edition 1991; p. 219: "In Hitler's eyes, Christianity was a religion fit only for slaves; he detested its ethics in particular.[...] From political considerations he restrained his anti-clericalism seeing clearly the dangers of strengthening the church through persecution. Once the war was over, he promised himself, he would root out and destroy the influence of the Christian Churches..."
    • Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, Fontana Press 1993, p. 412.: Bullock notes Hitler's use of rhetoric of "Providence" but concludes that Hitler, Stalin and Napoleon all shared the same materialist outlook "based on the nineteenth century rationalists' certainty that the progress of science would destroy all myths and had already proved Christian doctrine to be an absurdity"
    • Richard Overy; The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.p.281: "Hitler was politically prudent enough not to trumpet his scientific views publicly, not least because he wanted to maintain the distinction between his own movement and the godlessness of Soviet Communism. [...] What Hitler could not accept was that Christianity could offer anything other than false 'ideas' to sustain its claim to moral certitude."
    • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004; p. 281: "His few private remarks on Christianity betray a profound contempt and indifference. Forty years afterwards he could still recall facing up to clergyman-teacher at his school when told how unhappy he would be in the afterlife: 'I've heard of a scientists who doubts whether there is a next world'. Hitler believed that all religions were now 'decadent'; in Europe it was the 'collapse of Christianity that we are now experiencing'. The reason for the crisis was science."
    • Richard Overy; The Third Reich, A Chronicle; Quercus; 2010; p. 99.
  19. ^ Ian Kershaw; Hitler: a Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; pp. 295–297.
  20. ^ Fred Taylor Translation; The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; ISBN 0-241-10893-4; p.340
  21. ^ * Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 546
    • Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; pp. 381-382
    • Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889-1936: hubris, pp. 575-576, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000
    • William Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; pp. 201, 234-40, 295
    • Joachim Fest; Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933-1945; Weidenfield & Nicolson; London; p.373, 377
    • Peter Longerich; Heinrich Himmler; Translated by Jeremy Noakes and Lesley Sharpe; Oxford University Press; 2012; p. 265 & 270
    • Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; pp.57-58
    • Mary Fulbrook; The Fontana History of Germany 1918-1990 The Divided Nation; Fontana Press; 1991, p.81
    • Theodore S. Hamerow; On the Road to the Wolf's Lair - German Resistance to Hitler; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1997; ISBN 0-674-63680-5; p. 136
    • John S. Conway; The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933-1945; Regent College Publishing; p. 255
    • Nazi trial documents made public, BBC, 11 January 2002
    • Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.14
    • Paul Berben; Dachau: The Official History 1933–1945; Norfolk Press; London; 1975; ISBN 0-85211-009-X; p. 145
    • Fred Taylor; The Goebbells Diaries 1939–1941; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982 p.278 & 294
    • Richard J. Evans (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3; pp. 245–246
  22. ^ * Ian Kershaw; Hitler 1936-1945 Nemesis; WW Norton & Company; 2000; p.39: "the continuing conflict with both the Catholic and Protestant churches... [was a priority concern] with Goebbells, Rosenberg and many Party rank and file" & p.40 "However much Hitler on some occasions claimed to want a respite in the conflict [with the churches], his own inflammatory comments gave his underlings all the license they needed to turn up the heat on the 'Church Struggle'."
    • William Shirer; Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, p. 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990: "under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler—backed by Hitler—the Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists".
    • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.p. 287: "From the mid 1930s the regime and party were dominated much more by the prominent anti-Christians in their ranks - Himmler, Bormann, Heydrich - but were restrained by Hitler, despite his anti religious sentiments, from any radical programme of de-Chritianization.[...] Hitler 'expected the end of the disease of Christianity to come about by itself once its falsehoods were self evident"
    • Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: hubris, pp. 575–576, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000:
  23. ^ Shirer, William L., Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, p. 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990.
  24. ^ Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p. 290.
  25. ^ Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London p. 661."
  26. ^ * Richard Overy; ‘’The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia’’; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.pp.287: “During the War [Hitler] reflected that in the long run, ‘National Socialism and religion will no longer be able to exist together. Both Stalin and Hitler wanted a neutered religion, subservient to the state, while the slow programme of scientific revelation destroyed the foundation of religious myth.”
    • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.p 281: "Hitler believed that all religions were now 'decadent'; in Europe it was the 'collapse of Christianity that we are now experiencing'. The reason for the crisis was science."
    • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: wrote that Hitler believed that in the long run National Socialism and religion would not be able to co-exist, and stressed repeatedly that Nazism was a secular ideology, founded on modern science: "Science, he declared, would easily destroy the last remaining vestiges of superstition". Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'".
    • Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, Fontana Press 1993, p. 412.: Bullock notes Hitler's use of rhetoric of "Providence" but concludes that Hitler, Stalin and Napoleon all shared the same materialist outlook "based on the nineteenth century rationalists' certainty that the progress of science would destroy all myths and had already proved Christian doctrine to be an absurdity"
    • Discussioni da tavola di Hitler: Hitler is reported as saying: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
  27. ^ * Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
    • Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London p.661
    • Alan Bullock; Hitler: A Study in Tyranny; HarperPerennial Edition 1991; p 219: "Once the war was over, [Hitler] promised himself, he would root out and destroy the influence of the Christian Churches, but until then he would be circumspect"
    • Michael Phayer; The Response of the German Catholic Church to National Socialism Archiviato il 20 gennaio 2019 in Internet Archive., pubblicato da Yad Vashem: "By the latter part of the decade of the Thirties church officials were well aware that the ultimate aim of Hitler and other Nazis was the total elimination of Catholicism and of the Christian religion. Since the overwhelming majority of Germans were either Catholic or Protestant this goal had to be a long-term rather than a short-term Nazi objective."
    • Shirer, William L., Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, p. p 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990: "under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler—backed by Hitler—the Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.”
    • Gill, Anton (1994). An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback ISBN 978-0-434-29276-9, pp. 14–15: "[the Nazis planned to] de-Christianise Germany after the final victory".
    • Richard Overy; ‘’The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia’’; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.pp.287: “During the War [Hitler] reflected that in the long run, ‘National Socialism and religion will no longer be able to exist together. Both Stalin and Hitler wanted a neutered religion, subservient to the state, while the slow programme of scientific revelation destroyed the foundation of religious myth.”
    • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: wrote that Hitler believed that in the long run National Socialism and religion would not be able to co-exist, and stressed repeatedly that Nazism was a secular ideology, founded on modern science: "Science, he declared, would easily destroy the last remaining vestiges of superstition". Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'".
    • Griffin, Roger Fascism's relation to religion in Blamires, Cyprian, World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 10, ABC-CLIO, 2006: "There is no doubt that in the long run Nazi leaders such as Hitler and Himmler intended to eradicate Christianity just as ruthlessly as any other rival ideology, even if in the short term they had to be content to make compromises with it."
    • Mosse, George Lachmann, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich, p. 240, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2003: "Had the Nazis won the war their ecclesiastical policies would have gone beyond those of the German Christians, to the utter destruction of both the Protestant and the Catholic Church."
    • Fischel, Jack R., Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust , p. 123, Scarecrow Press, 2010: "The objective was to either destroy Christianity and restore the German gods of antiquity or to turn Jesus into an Aryan."
    • Dill, Marshall, Germany: a modern history , p. 365, University of Michigan Press, 1970: "It seems no exaggeration to insist that the greatest challenge the Nazis had to face was their effort to eradicate Christianity in Germany or at least to subjugate it to their general world outlook."
    • Wheaton, Eliot Barculo The Nazi revolution, 1933–1935: prelude to calamity:with a background survey of the Weimar era, p. 290, 363, Doubleday 1968: The Nazis sought "to eradicate Christianity in Germany root and branch."
    • Bendersky, Joseph W., A concise history of Nazi Germany, p. 147, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007: "Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated control over his European empire.”
    • The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches Archiviato il 26 settembre 2013 in Internet Archive., Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Winter 2001, publishing evidence compiled by the O.S.S. for the Nuremberg war-crimes trials of 1945 and 1946
    • Sharkey, Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity, New York Times, 13 January 2002
    • Bendersky, Joseph W., A concise history of Nazi Germany, p. 147, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007: "Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated control over his European empire.”

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